Journal Notes

 Enter now to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer

“My husband used to tell me that he believed he was the happiest man on earth, and I cannot help but thinking he was.”

Elizabeth Custer – 1882

A group of some 40 officers and their wives congregated in the parlor of George and Elizabeth Custer’s home at Fort Abraham Lincoln in North Dakota. A fiddler entertained several men and women at one end of the tastefully decorated room. More guests paraded past a table filled with a variety of food and drinks at the other. Elizabeth manned the door, kindly welcoming latecomers to the party in progress. She touched her finger to her lips indicating that the attendees should enter quietly.

The music stopped. A hush fell over the guests. Elizabeth’s brother-in-law, Tom, sister-in-law, Maggie, and family friend, Agnes, marched into the setting and crossed to the musicians. All three wore costumes. Maggie was dressed as a Sioux Indian Maiden. Agnes and Tom were dressed as Quakers. George and the others in attendance stifled a chuckle as the trio struck a dignified pose for the captive audience. They were acting out a scene from a current event in the region. Known as a tablie ux, the object of the entertaining charade was to guess the event and whom the players represented.

Partygoers enthusiastically shouted out their best guesses. Others issued comical remarks that made everyone erupt in laughter. When the right guess was announced the actors broke character and took a bow. The happy audience applauded their efforts and the music started up again.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Giveaway! Enter now to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

“I would be willing, yes glad, to see a battle everyday during my life.”

George Custer – October 1862

Spirited music and laughter burst through the doors of Chicago’s Opera House. The velveteen drapes subdued the whir of roulette wheels that lined the theatre lobby and muffled the voices of the Faro dealers. Patrons poured into the establishment seeking entertainment and shelter from the freezing cold. Chicago was a city of handsome dwellings whose elegance and refinements were reflected in the brilliant social life. A throb beat through its every artery. One of the many acts that could hold the attention of the bustling area was Lydia Thompson’s British Blondes. The troupe of celebrated actresses with overwhelming proportions who specialized in dancing and pantomime, performed for packed houses nightly. Among some of the most famous audience members were Grand Duke Alexis Romonoff, Wild Bill Hickock, and George Custer.

Over the Thanksgiving holiday in 1869, George had visited the show a couple of times, partaking not only in the burlesque styling of the irresistible sirens, but the popular games of chance that greeted people when they entered the building. George had been in Michigan taking care of family business when he decided to travel to Illinois to visit Phil Sheridan, his former army commander and respected mentor who was ill. News that he was in the Windy City spread quickly and George was inundated with invitations to attend dinners and theatrical openings. His reputation as soldier and military leader, along with the numerous published articles he had written about his combat experience, preceded him. Everyone wanted to be in George’s company and he delighted in the attention. Local newspapers reported on his outings, giving special concentration to the fact that Elizabeth was not at his side. “George Custer,” the article began, “has been seen about without his wife, chasing blondes instead of Indian maidens.” He made light of the report in a letter he wrote to Elizabeth and let her know that in addition to the Blonde Beauties Show he also took in a play featuring the best known comedian of he day, Joseph Jefferson. “I never had so nice a time in all my life – expect when I am with you,” George assured his wife.

Elizabeth read over her husband’s letters from their quarters at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. She usually accompanied George in his travels, but for this trip she decided to remain behind. Her cousin, Anne Bingham, was coming to visit and she didn’t want to miss spending time with her. After receiving George’s letter Elizabeth wished she had gone with him. Along with the list of entertaining activities, his correspondences contained some worrisome information about playing cards with friends. George was a gambler who found it difficult to resist a game.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to

George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Take a chance.  Enter to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

    “…Girls needn’t try to get her dear Bo away from her, because he loves only her, and her always.”

    George Custer to Elizabeth Custer – 1871

The day was gray, and a raw, cold wind swirled outside the windows of the late Judge Albert Bacon’s home in Monroe, Michigan. It was early fall 1868. The Judge’s daughter, Elizabeth, and son-in-law, George, sat inside the parlor of the stately home. Each was quietly involved in their individual tasks. George was hunched over a writing table working on a book about his days at West Point. Elizabeth set aside some sewing she was doing and drifted over to a piano in the corner of the room. Her husband glanced up from his writing long enough to see that Elizabeth wasn’t going far. After weeks of being apart he wanted her near him at all times.

The genteel army wife made herself comfortable at the polished keyboard then reached for a stack of music bound in a faded leather pouch. She untied the ribbon holding the music together and sifted through the pages. Inside one of the pieces of sheet music was a daguerreotype of George. It had been taken in April 1865 and he was dressed in his major general uniform; the two stars on his collar clearly displayed. Some of the music had left its imprint on the picture, the notes like a melody over his face.

Elizabeth sat her husband’s picture on the stand next to the song she selected and began to play. The ebullient sound filled the air. Although he was tapping his foot in time with the beat, George’s attention was trained on the assignment before him.

For a moment Elizabeth wondered if he might only be pretending to be engrossed in writing. She worried that he longed to be doing something else. Nearly a year had passed since a nine member military jury found George guilty of “leaving his post without permission, excessive cruelty, and illegal conduct in putting down mutiny in the 7^th Cavalry by shooting deserters.” The punishment he received as a result of the court-martial was a year suspension from rank, duty, and pay. George’s yearly pay was $95 a month.

George and Elizabeth were affected by the verdict. Courts-martial were commonplace. More than half the army servicemen were tried and court-martial in 1867 alone. Far from feeling disgraced by the ordeal, the Custers planned to spend the time away from the job and the frontier enjoying one another’s company, entertaining family, and traveling abroad.

After a short respite from frontline service Elizabeth began to doubt how long George would remain content away from active duty. She knew how much her husband loved the soldier’s life. He had once admitted, “I would be willing, yes glad, to see a battle every day during my life.”

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Time to enter to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

“Daughter, marrying into the army, you will be poor always; but I count it infinitely preferable to riches with inferior society.”

Judge Bacon to Elizabeth Custer – 1866

George Custer raced his stallion, Jack, at full speed over the limitless Alkali grass covered plateau miles away from the main entrance of Fort Riley, Kansas. The foam-flecked animal was inches behind Elizabeth and her fast horse, Custis Lee. Both riders urged their horses on to even greater speed; the cold wind biting at their smiling faces.

George steered his ride along the foot of a high hill. Abruptly reaching a steep decline, he brought his horse to a quick halt. Elizabeth, dressed in a black riding skirt, uniform jacket, and an Excelsior hat, and riding sidesaddle pulled further ahead of her husband. Quickly looking around, George turned Jack in the direction of a narrow trail through a flinty apron of rocks. He followed the crude path as it wound around the hill then suddenly dropped back down and came out the other side of the steep decline in front of Elizabeth. She waved playfully at him. The horses found their rhythm and broke into a smooth gallop. Elizabeth glanced over at George and giggled like a little girl. The two rode on towards a distant, tumbled pile of thunderheads, sooty black at their base and pure white as whipped cream where they towered against the dome of the sky.

They slowed their horses and stopped next to a cluster of rocks. George dismounted and helped Elizabeth down from her ride. Draping their arms around one another they stood quietly staring at the land stretched out before them. “The prairie was worth looking over,” Elizabeth noted in her memoirs, “because it changed like the sea.” “People thought of the deep-grass as brown, but in the spring it could look almost anything else,” she added, “purple, or gold, or red, or any kind of blue. ₁ Often when cloud shadows crossed the long swells, the whole prairie stirred, and seemed to mold and flow, as if it breathed.” In late January 1867, the terrain the Custers admired was winter-defeated, lightless and without color.

George loosened the hold he had on Elizabeth and she noticed his expression changed subtly. As post commander he needed to return to his duties. The responsibilities of coordinating and training more than 960 enlisted men was daunting, but the 27 year old was committed to the task.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Time to enter to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

“Few living women can ride a horse equal to her and but few better.”

                 George Custer’s thoughts about Elizabeth’s equestrian skills – 1866

A group of mounted Union officers rode onto the crest of a barren hill overlooking Fort Riley, Kansas. Major Frederick Benteen was in the lead, his eyes were sharp as eagles and he searched out the vast country ahead with exceeding care. The military outpost the soldiers were riding towards in January 1867 was established to protect settlers and railroad workers from Indian attacks. Benteen and his division were going to reinforce that protection. He led troops in the battle against Cheyenne leader Black Kettle and his braves on the Washita River (near Cheyenne, Oklahoma) after the Civil War had ended. That experience convinced Benteen that he would be a major asset in the military’s quest to keep order on the expanding western frontier. “I struck the first blow in the Indian Wars…” he reminded his peers.

In addition to his involvement at the start of the Indian wars, Benteen openly agreed with his superior officer, General Phil Sheridan, who had been named administrator over the Great Plains after the War Between the States, that the best way to defeat the Indian would be to attack them during the winter months. The Plains Indians depended heavily on their warrior ponies that thrived primarily in the spring and summer. The ponies could easily outrun an Army horse and didn’t need saddles and shoes to do their job. They required very little sustenance either – no grain at all, just clumps of grass and very little water when it was available. The warrior ponies could also stand for hours without moving or neighing, which allowed its riders to sneak up on prey (deer, buffalo, etc.) easily. Winter was particularly hard on the animals because the ground was frozen. Finding any grass to eat under several layers of ice and snow was difficult. The ponies were generally skin-and-bones. Conversely, Army horses were sturdy during the winter, having fed on wholesome rations of grain. Soldiers could ride in on and Indian village, attack, and ride off with no fear of being followed.

Although Benteen shared his executive officer’s plan for when to engage the Indians in battle and also proved his considerable soldiering skills and dedication to the Union cause, General Sheridan made George Custer commander of the cavalry at Fort Riley. Benteen like many others resented George. He was one of the youngest decorated heroes of the Civil War, had attended West Point and rode thoroughbreds. Rumor had it he was conceited as a result of the accolades he had received and that Elizabeth was just as haughty. She too was educated and had mingled with presidents, senators, and generals. Benteen had not attended college and had a disdain for West Point graduates. His horse was not a pedigree, he had not been involved in combat, and his wife was not socially connected. Benteen believed answering to George would be difficult and supporting his staff a daily struggle, but orders had been given.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Enter now for a chance to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

“General Custer has elements of character which will develop…and, dear girl, some of that development rests with you.”

Elizabeth Custer’s friend Laura Noble about her relationship with George – January 1864

Elizabeth paraded proudly around a small table set with a pristinely polished silver tea service and silver dinnerware. The elegant tea service came from the men in George’s command, the 7^th Michigan Cavalry. The dinnerware was a present from the 1^st Vermont Cavalry. Both were not only generous wedding presents, but also a show of support for the boy General and his leadership skills.

Elizabeth adjusted a vase of wild flowers in the center of the plates and cups then stood back to admire the scene. Hanging over the table was large photograph of George, resplendent in a crisp uniform. Elizabeth smiled at the image the staring back at her. Eliza Brown, the Custer’s capable cook and maid, watched the delighted bride through a crack in the kitchen door continue to fuss with the items on the table in an effort to make everything as perfect as she could.

Outside the sturdy, two-story farm house in Culpepper County, Virginia near the small town of Stevensburg, where Elizabeth and her new husband made their home, a myriad of troops were hustling about. George rode into the winter encampment of the Union Army barking orders at his regiment to get to their bunks and prepare for the evening meal. Hundreds of soldiers rushed about doing the duties they were ordered. Many of the men that made up the crude post were young and eager, others were much more senior with gray hair and weathered faces. Elizabeth noted that George was an imposing figure among the troops, his uniform hung well on his tall frame. His saber and scabbard were strapped to his waist and held in place with a silk sash.

Before swinging easily out of his saddle George scanned the area beyond the prairie road leading to the campsite. In the near distance he could see numerous furrows of jet-black glistening sod and a lone farmer guiding a plow being pulled by a mule team over the soil. Smoke from a chimney on a house next to the field lifted lazy blue wreaths into the sky. George called out to one of his older officers and issued instructions Elizabeth could barely hear. She glided over to George’s side just as the soldier left to carry out his job. “Do they obey you?” she asked. “Yes,” George replied laughing, “and I shall reduce you to subjection sometime.” Elizabeth laughed out loud at the notion.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Enter now for a chance to win a copy of the book

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

“Oh, Wifey, Wifey! One of those mustached, gift-striped and button critters will get our Libby yet.”

Judge Daniel Bacon to wife, Rhoda about the many young soldiers calling on their daughter Elizabeth

A full moon hovered over South Monroe Street and beams of light from the gigantic orb filtered though a cluster of clouds. Twenty-two year old George Armstrong Custer stumbled through the scene helped along by a friend who steadied his walk and kept him from falling. Both men were dressed in the uniform of the 5^th Cavalry and both had been drinking. George was drunk. It was late and apart from the two inebriated soldiers the street was deserted. It was the fall of 1861 and numerous leaves dropped off the massive trees lining the thoroughfare and drifted across the path the men followed.

George was making his way to his sister, Ann Reeds’s home where he had been staying while recovering from a slight illness contracted after the Battle of Bull Run. George had carried dispatches to the Union troops holding their position against the Confederate Army lined up along Bull Run Creek near a railroad center called Manassas Junction in Virginia. The battle ended when the Northern Army was ordered to fall back toward Washington. The retreat was marred by a downpour of rain that left George suffering with chills and fever. In a short time he was sent back to Monroe to recuperate, George’s condition improved and he ventured out to local taverns where his friends gathered.

Arm and arm with his school chum, an intoxicated George and his buddy staggered down the roadway, singing at the top of their lungs. The commotion woke his sister and she raced to the front window of her house, followed closely by her husband and children, to see who was disturbing the quiet, respectable neighborhood. George weaved back and froth over the stone street, laughing at his obvious lack of balance.

Judge Bacon, who had been standing on his porch smoking his pipe, noticed the pair of soldiers making their way toward the Reeds. He recognized George Custer’s tall, lanky frame and watched him wave goodbye to the friend who escorted him safely home. Disgusted by the behavior of a prominent military figure, the Judge marched back into his own house and closed the door hard behind him.

George was unaware that Judge Bacon had witnessed the scene. He also had no idea that Elizabeth was gazing out of her upstairs bedroom window at the same moment. At the time she wasn’t surprised at the sight, having seen other young men who’d had too much to drink, she consider his actions standard fair.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read

None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead: The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Enter now for a chance to win None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead:

The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

On June 27, 1876, Captain Frederick William Benteen spotted a cluster of white objects lying in a heap on a hill north of the Bighorn River in southern Montana. Benteen, a 42-year old career Army officer with a shock of white hair combed dramatically back over his long, bare forehead and harassed face, urged his horse slowly toward the knoll. A party of dutiful soldiers followed along behind him, their angry silence filled the air. As Captain Benteen inched his horse cautiously onto the site it became clear that the achromatic objects lying motionless in the tall grass were the remains of General George Custer_* and his regiment. The flesh and bones of 210 members of the 7^th Cavalry lay strewn over a mile of bloody ground. All of the bodies except for General Custer’s had been stripped naked and were mutilated.

Captain Benteen climbed down off his horse and made his way to General Custer’s body, stepping over dead soldiers pierced by arrows and lances in the process. George Custer’s ghostly frame was riddled with a number of injuries, not the least of which was a gunshot wound to the left flank and left temple. Benteen studied the bodies around him noticing that not only did the Indians in the fight leave George’s remains in tact, but left his socks on his feet. They had not scalped him either – his short, wavy hair was undisturbed.

“There he is, God damn him,” Benteen said coldly to members of his battalion now digging graves to bury the dead. “He’ll never fight anymore.” Benteen had known the popular boy General for more than ten years and he never liked him.  He thought George was overly proud and impulsive. The Captain removed a piece of paper and the stub of a pencil from a pocket on his uniform, wrote George’s name on it, and nailed it to the wooden stake marking the spot where the General fell. “I went over the battlefield carefully with a view to determine how the fight was fought,” a distressed Benteen wrote in a report two days after the conflict. “I arrived at the conclusion I have right now – that it was a rout, a panic, till the last man was killed…. George himself was responsible for the Little Big Horn action, and it is an injustice to attribute the blame to anyone else.”  Benteen had been in George’s command and ordered to reinforce his beleaguered troops at the Battle of Little Big Horn. For reasons that would be debated the rest of his life, Benteen did not come to George’s aide.

During the battle, Elizabeth Bacon Custer was only a few hundred miles away, in the Dakota Territory, waiting bravely for news of the expedition. The escalation of the Great Sioux War had brought the 7^th Cavalry to the frontier, and where George went, Elizabeth followed.

One of the most charming and controversial soldiers the country ever produced, George Armstrong Custer and his equally delightful and charming bride, were devoted to one another and valued the time they spent together in the field and at their never-permanent homes at various Army post. Many times, Elizabeth lived in tents alongside members of the 7^th Cavalry.

Over the twelve years the Custers were together, Elizabeth had lived history. She and George honeymooned in the war zones of the waning years of the Civil Way, and she witnessed the surrender of Robert E. Lee at Appomattox Courthouse and later was given the table at which the terms of surrender were signed. After the Civil War, when George’s regiment was sent to Texas to facilitate Reconstruction and then to the plains states as an “Indian Fighter” Elizabeth began her life on the frontier and experienced the most thrilling events of her life, an adventure that lasted until the memorable day when Custer and his troops made their immortal last stand against the Sioux Indians.

To learn more about Elizabeth Bacon Custer and her marriage to George Armstrong Custer read None Wounded, None Missing, All Dead:

The Story of Elizabeth Bacon Custer.

Only two more days left! Enter now to win two books! Tales Behind the Tombstones: The Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen and the new book More Tales Behind the Tombstones: More Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen.

When pioneer and businessman Asa Mercer died on August 10, 1917, in Buffalo, Wyoming, few in the ranching community recalled the plan he devised to remedy the lack of single women in the Northwest in the 1860s.

It began with an ad placed in February 24, 1860, that testified to the serious shortage of a desired commodity in Washington Territory. “Attention Bachelors: Believing that our only chance for the realization of the benefits and early attainments of matrimonial alliances depends on the arrival in our midst of a number of the fair sex from the Atlantic States, and that, to bring about such and arrival a united effort and action are called for on our part, we respectfully request a full attendance of all eligible and sincerely desirous bachelors of this community assemble on Tuesday evening next February 28, in Delim and Shorey’s building, to devise ways and means to secure this much-needed and desirable emigration to our shores.”

Signed by nine leading citizens, the advertisement was picked up by other newspapers and reprinted across the country. They had hopes of attracting industrious, young women to the rich and rugged Northwest where a few thousand men were working on making fortunes in timber, fishing, farming, and other endeavors. There were a few favorable responses to the announcement but no solid plan was in place to import the desired commodity to the area.

By 1860, the pioneers in Washington Territory had established thriving communities along Puget Sound and were busy carving out farms and ranches along the coast and toward the foothills of the Cascades. The temperature climate, rich fisheries, and timber resourced proved the raw material upon which to build a comfortable life. The prosperous and clean-living young men populating the region in 1858 were “eager to put their necks in the matrimonial noose.”

In 1860, Asa Shinn Mercer hit upon a scheme to take the next step in the recruitment effort. He would import bachelorettes by traveling to the East Coast, where women were in abundance, and actively promote the unequaled advantages of Washington Territory. That idea and its sequel were part of the fascinating career of A. S. Mercer, who found his own bride among those he recruited for Washington Territory.

To learn more about Asa Mercer and others like him who left their mark on the American West read Tales Behind the Tombstones: The Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen and More Tales Behind the Tombstones: More Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen.

Time is running out! Enter now to win two books! Tales Behind the Tombstones: The Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen and the new book More Tales Behind the Tombstones: More Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen.

Wild Bill Hickok had many female admirers in his lifetime, but Agnes Lake Thatcher was the only woman who completely captured his heart. The man known as the “deadliest pistolero in the Old West” often declared to his friends that he preferred being a bachelor. It was a surprise to many when he married a widow several years older than himself. The circumstances that resulted in so great a change were romantically singular and worthy of record.

Mrs. Hickok was born Agnes Louise Messman on August 23, 1826, in Doehm, Alsace, France. Her mother died when she was four years old, and, shortly thereafter, her father took Agnes to America. The Messmans settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, when she was sixteen years old. As a child Agnes was an avid horseback rider. Her father helped mold her remarkable skill into a circus routine. In 1841, Agnes met a circus clown named William Lake Thatcher. He was a native New Yorker and used his connections to secure a job for Agnes with the circus he worked for, the Spaulding and Rogers Circus.

In addition to her impressive equestrian abilities, she also performed daring feats of skill on a tight wire. The August 23, 1907, edition of the New York Times reported that she “made a higher ascent on a wire than any performer of her day in 1858.” By 1859, she was billed the “queen of the high wire” and the most famous equestrienne the American circus had ever known.

To learn more about Agnes Hickok and others like her who left their mark on the American West read Tales Behind the Tombstones: The Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen and More Tales Behind the Tombstones: More Deaths and Burials of the Old West’s Most Nefarious Outlaws, Notorious Women, and Celebrated Lawmen.